{"id":4931,"date":"2022-07-11T06:53:32","date_gmt":"2022-07-11T06:53:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/?p=4931"},"modified":"2025-04-11T05:28:19","modified_gmt":"2025-04-11T05:28:19","slug":"kounis-syndrome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/ima-journal-july-2022\/kounis-syndrome\/","title":{"rendered":"Kounis Syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"caps\">[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Abstract<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods (peanut, sea foods),\u00a0insect stings,\u00a0medications\u00a0and\u00a0latex.<\/li>\n<li>Anaphylactic shock cases are rare but life-threatening, with its incidence rate of\u00a01.5-7.9 per 100,000 people.<\/li>\n<li>Acute myocardial injury or infarction in the setting of an anaphylaxis can be due the anaphylaxis itself, when it is known as Kounis Syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><u>Case report<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>28 years aged gentleman, with no comorbids and no known drug allergy, presented to ER with history of consumption of sea food the previous day following which he had noticed small eruptive rashes with itching over his body while bathing the next day. After bathing, he had a episode of giddiness and fall \u2013 sustained injury to his face and was brought to us for further management.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>On initial evaluation at E<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>D<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><strong><u>Airway<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Patent, self maintained. C-spine clinically cleared.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Breathing<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>RR &#8211; 22\/ min, Spo2 &#8211; 99% RA, B\/L air entry equal, no added breath sounds.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Circulation<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>BP \u2013 not recordable. HR &#8211; 92\/ min,<\/p>\n<p>CVS &#8211; S1S2 normal, no murmur, JVP &#8211; Normal, cold and clammy peripheries, peripheral pulses feebly felt.<\/p>\n<p>PA &#8211; Soft, non-tender, no organomegaly, and bowel sounds heard.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Disability<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>GCS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; E4V5M6 [15\/ 15]<\/p>\n<p>B\/L pupils equally reacting to light 3mm<\/p>\n<p>Moving all 4 limbs<\/p>\n<p>CBG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; 199mg\/dl<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Exposure<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Active rigors noted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><u>Local examination<\/u><\/strong><strong><u> of face<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>3&#215;5 cm laceration over nasal bridge just below glabella.<\/li>\n<li>1x1cm laceration over mucosal aspect of upper lip.<\/li>\n<li>Active bleed noted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><u>ECG<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Rate 110\/ min<\/li>\n<li>Sinus rhythm<\/li>\n<li>Normal Axis<\/li>\n<li>No other specific ST &#8211; T Changes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><u><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4938 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ecg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"530\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ecg.jpg 530w, https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ecg-300x153.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\" \/><\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><strong><u>ABG<\/u><\/strong>( RA)<\/h2>\n<p>pH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 7.32<\/p>\n<p>PCO<strong><sub>2\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sub>&#8211;\u00a0 <\/strong>41.3 mmHg<\/p>\n<p>PO<strong><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><strong><sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>&#8211;\u00a0 91 mmHg<\/p>\n<p>BE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 -5 mmol\/ L<\/p>\n<p>HCO<strong><sub>3 <\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 21.4 mmol\/ L<\/p>\n<p>SO<strong><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><strong><sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>&#8211;\u00a0 96%<\/p>\n<p>LAC\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0 4.11 mmol\/ L<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>CHEM &#8211; 8<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Na<strong><sup>+ <\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 142 mmol\/ L<\/p>\n<p>K<strong><sup>+ <\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 3.0 mmol \/ L<\/p>\n<p>Cl <sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 104 mmol\/ L<\/p>\n<p>ica\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 1.14 mmol\/ L<\/p>\n<p>GLU\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 164 mg\/ dl<\/p>\n<p>BUN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 20 mg\/ dl<\/p>\n<p>CREAT &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 1.0 mg\/ dl<\/p>\n<p>HCT\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0\u00a0 46% PCV<\/p>\n<p>HB\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0 15.3 g\/ dl<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>TROP-I:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>0.10(positive)<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>ECHO:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Normal sized cardiac chambers<\/p>\n<p>No regional wall motion abnormality<\/p>\n<p>Normal LV systolic function (EF-65%)<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>MANAGEMENT IN ER:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In view of profound anaphylactic shock, leg end elevation done was done and quickly secured 2 wide bore intravenous cannula.<\/p>\n<p>In view of severe anaphylaxis with shock &#8211; Intramuscular adrenaline 0.5ml (1:1000 dilution) given every 5 mins (totally 3 doses given) and IV fluids (NS) about 2 litres given as bolus.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally intravenous hydrocortisone 200mg + chlorpheniramine 10mg + pantoprazole 40mg given.<\/p>\n<p>Lacerated wounds sutured under local anesthesia and hemostasis secured.<\/p>\n<p>For accurate measurement of blood pressure, arterial line secured.<\/p>\n<p>Our initial diagnosis was anaphylaxis with refractory anaphylactic shock.<\/p>\n<p>But with significant elevation in troponin levels, raised a doubt of acute coronary syndrome secondary to anaphylactic shock (? Type-1 Kounis Syndrome).<\/p>\n<p>After stabilization, patient shifted to ICU for further management.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Blood investigations<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4937 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/New-Project1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/New-Project1.jpg 356w, https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/New-Project1-300x147.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Follow up:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Cardiologist opinion obtained and serial TROPONIN-I was negative. No recurrence of symptoms noted and patient discharged after 2 days with oral steroids, H2 receptor blocker, anti-histamine and anti-biotics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><u>Pathophysiology\u00a0 of Anaphylactic shock:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4936 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bg-july-ima-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bg-july-ima-3.jpg 560w, https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/bg-july-ima-3-246x300.jpg 246w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>Discussion:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal medical emergency. The acute treatment of anaphylaxis is epinephrine. Myocardial injury or infarction in the setting of an anaphylaxis can be due the anaphylaxis itself, when it is known as Kounis syndrome or it can also be due to the effect of epinephrine treatme Epinephrine may cause coronary vasoconstriction, reduce coronary blood flow, increase myocardial oxygen demand, and worsen myocardial ischemia. Acute coronary syndrome accompanying mast cell activation from allergic, hypersensitivity, or anaphylactoid reactions was first described by Kounis and Zavras in 1991 and has been referred to as \u201callergic angina\u201d or \u201callergic myocardial infarction\u201d. Mast cells play a central role in hypersensitivity reactions, and they are necessary for the development of allergic reactions. Mast cells are activated either by IgE-bound antigen cross-linking, anaphylotoxins (C3a and C5a) or a variety of stimuli. Their activation leads to degranulation of preformed inflammatory mediators (e.g. histamine, tryptase, chymase, heparin), increased production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators (e.g. prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes B4 and C4). This leads to coronary artery vasospasm and\/or atheromatous plaque erosion or rupture. Overall prevalence of Kounis Syndrome is 1.1% of patient with anaphylaxis and 7% mortality rate of reported cases. Morphine must be avoided in Kounis Syndrome as it may stimulate histamine release and exacerbate mast-cell induced vasospasm. The types of Kounis Syndrome are listed below.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4935 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/New-Project.jpg\" alt=\"Anaphylaxis\" width=\"642\" height=\"120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/New-Project.jpg 642w, https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/New-Project-300x56.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><strong><u>Conclusion:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kounis Syndrome is not uncommon but can be easily missed. Timely interpretation and prompt action in anaphylaxis with shock is lifesaving. The use of epinephrine for anaphylactic shock is lifesaving but physicians must be aware of this complication even in patients without risk factors or history of coronary artery disease.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>For guiding me with the article, I would like to thank,<br \/>\nDr.Aslesha (Clinical lead \u2013 emergency department)<br \/>\nDr.Niveanthini (Consultant \u2013 emergency department)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe author declares no conflict of interest\u201d<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>REFERENCE<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Kounis NG, Zavras GM. Histamine-induced coronary artery spasm: the concept of allergic angina.\u00a0Br J Clin Pract.\u00a01991;45(2):121\u2013128.<\/li>\n<li>Kounis NG. Kounis syndrome (allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction): a natural paradigm?\u00a0Int J Cardiol.\u00a02006;110(1):7\u201314.<\/li>\n<li>Kounis NG.\u00a0Kounis NG.\u00a0Clin Ther. 2013 May;35(5):563-71. doi: 10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.02.022. Epub 2013 Mar 13.\u00a0Clin Ther. 2013.\u00a0PMID:\u00a023490289\u00a0Review.<\/li>\n<li>Kogias JS, Sideris SK, Anifadis SK.\u00a0Kogias JS, et al.\u00a0Int J Cardiol. 2007 Jan 8;114(2):252-5. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.11.059. Epub 2006 May 2.\u00a0Int J Cardiol. 2007.\u00a0PMID:\u00a016647768<\/li>\n<li>Vigorito C, Poto S, Picotti GB, Triggiani M, Marone G. Effect of activation of the H1 receptor on coronary hemodynamics in man.\u00a0Circulation.\u00a01986;73(6):1175\u20131182.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-3339 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kauveryhospital.com\/ima-journal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dr-silvera1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>Dr. Silvera Samson Raj<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>2<sup>nd<\/sup> Year MRCEM Resident<\/em><br \/>\nDepartment of Emergency Medicine<br \/>\nKauvery Hospital, Chennai[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Abstract: Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods (peanut, sea foods),\u00a0insect stings,\u00a0medications\u00a0and\u00a0latex. Anaphylactic shock cases are rare but life-threatening, with<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4933,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ima-journal-july-2022"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Kounis Syndrome<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Abstract : Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. 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